RATE, RISES AND REPARATIONS

You know the nearer your destination the more you're slip slidin' away. ~ Paul Simon    

What could be better? Schools are out for summer, the debt ceiling circus has departed until New Years Day 2025, roughly 3 weeks before the newly-elected president takes his/her oath of office, and the summer solstice will soon shine longest for all us North Hemispherians on June 21st when it will be directly overhead at the Tropic of Cancer.

Unfortunately, not everything is hunky dory. There are several remaining issues. First, the Federal Reserve Bank’s target interest rate; next, the proposed, fundamentally-different rises in California electricity rates; and lastly, the impending submission of an official report on reparations by the California Reparations Task Force.

Interesting.  From center field of the macroeconomics policy ballpark, I hope the Federal Reserve will increase its inflation target rate from 2% to 3% at its September 20 meetings. Through thick and thin, the Fed’s 2% target rate has been in effect for the last 11 years. Despite the Fed’s solipsistic concerns about its credibility, the target rate should be modified soon. It’s both overdue and utterly independent from how the markets and certainly the public view its credibility.

On the contrary, I believe its credibility will be strengthened when it raises the target to a more realistic 3%. Even at 3%, the Fed still has its anti-inflationary work cut out for itself. The current core PCE Price Index that the Fed uses to measure inflation is 4.7%, which thankfully has been declining, but is still elevated.

In the roster of international central banks, the Fed was an inflation target dawdler. The Central Bank of New Zealand pioneered its 2% inflation target in 1989. By 2012, when the Fed finally adopted a 2% target rate, 27 other national central banks had already set inflation targets, usually 2%.

Come on Fed Board members, get with inflation’s new milieu. It’s no longer 2012, the economy has changed a lot; 2% is no longer a solution. Rolling back inflation down to 2% isn’t going to happen without markedly increasing unemployment, which is always a bad call, especially during presidential campaign season. Imagine what the media will do for the Fed’s credibility as unemployment keeps rising, and the dozen or so presidential wannabes screech about the impending recession. Times change, so should the Fed and its rate. Raise the target rate to 3% at your Autumnal equinox meetings and call it a macroeconomic victory.

Zapping electricity rates.  The State of California and the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) apparently were not completely satisfied after the CPUC issued its anti-solar Dec. 2022 rate decision in the name of equity that crushed incentives for Californians who were planning to conserve electricity by installing very green rooftop solar panels. The CPUC solar decision adopted the interests of California’s investor-owned utilities that see solar as a threat. The new solar rate schedule, implemented on Apr 15th, will reduce solar-generated payments to new customers by up to 80%. I previously blogged about this fraught decision here.

The CPUC is now considering linking a customer’s income level with their electric bills to promote more equitable rates. This linkage between electric rates and income was authorized by California’s 2022 Legislature which passed an energy bill stating in part that electric rates need to be related to customer income levels. This rate-income linkage never has been considered previously, certainly not for equity reasons. California once again may be on the bleeding edge of over-innovative potential equity enhancement.

The legislative and now CPUC equityists believe electric and gas bills are one means of correcting systemic inequity. It is a narrowly shared belief that’s already created a fair amount of blowback beyond the sizeable additional multi-million dollar expenses that will be required to track electric customers’ income over time and be integrated into the utilities’ billing systems. The utilities and CPUC are aware of these sizeable additional expenses, and have suggested kicking this nasty fiscal can onto a separate road. They want the added mega-dollars to be paid by California’s taxpayers, not electricity ratepayers. That’s faulty but impressive hutzpah.

The CPUC is now considering electric rates that include an Income-Graduated Fixed Charge (IGFC). How’s that for bureaucratic clarity. In plainer English, the greater your income, the more you’ll be paying no matter how much electricity (kWh) you use, because your income has been “graduated” into your rates. It’s labeled a fixed charge, because it is not related to how many kWh a customer has used.

If you’re a PG&E customer in the highest income bracket (>$100k/yr.) you’ll pay $36.69/mo., 13% more than the middle-incomers. The lowest bracket (<$50k/yr.) customers would probably pay no fixed charge, only a “volumetric charge,” meaning their bill would just be based on how many kWh they have consumed. Other utility IGFC rates would assess fixed fees as high as $128/mo.

This new rate policy is likely to work against the goals of needed additional energy efficiency because IGFC rates may increase the bills for lower-usage, non-low income customers. For customers like these the IGFC will likely be the largest portion of their monthly bill; it’s definitely likely for us as veteran solar kWh producers.

Critics of IGFC rates argue that they will deter progress on energy efficiency and energy conservation efforts. Such folks include those who have already or are considering installation of solar or other energy-savings kit. Inappropriately, with these IGFC rates higher-usage customers will receive relatively more savings. Other critics say using electric rates to correct inequality will offer, at best, minor benefits and large costs. Such annual costs include an estimated $2.8M of added “internal labor costs” by the utilities over the first 4 years, plus the expected multi-million dollar expenses of contracting with the single Third-Party Entity (a large, private contractor) to be hired by the CPUC who will be responsible to conduct the on-going customer income verification process. But, hey it’s true cobalt blue California where the ever-increasing varieties of inequality that surround us must be annihilated.

Establishing income-based electric rates like IGFC is a misdirected, oblique means of resolving inequality that will include unintended consequences as well as considerable distress by confused customers, especially when they receive their first notice asking us to confirm our income level for the CPUC’s mandate with others perhaps to follow annually.

Paying for bygone sins.  The last issue involves reducing inequality using the deep end of the public fiscal policy pool. I’m referring to California’s possible attempt to rectify the effects of abhorrent past racial policies by providing direct reparations payments to those harmed by these policies.

The California Reparations Task Force will submit its final report to the legislature on July 1st, after spending 2 years assessing what the state should do about reparations. Because California entered the nation as a free state in 1850, it never legally operated under slavery. Thus, reparations to Black Californians may be provided by the state to atone for the effects of discriminatory public policies that created “systemic disparities,” rather than recompense for slavery itself. The task force has focused on policies that have had inequitable effects on wealth, health, housing and education.

 Ben Franklins for Reparations? Many more will be needed.

 The task force has already stated it will recommend paying direct payment of reparations to qualifying Black Californians – those who can prove they are descended from slaves. These individuals may be entitled to as much as $1.2M per person. Such reparations might sum to $800B, which is twice as large as the state’s annual budget. The task force also states this compensation would merely be a “down payment” on reparations, not a final one.

Not to be bested by the state, and illustrating the nitty-gritty rivalry among the Golden State’s progressive politicians, San Francisco’s reparations committee suggests paying $5M to each eligible Black resident in the City. London Breed, the mayor of San Francisco – and the City’s first mayor of color – has declined so far to endorse her city’s proposal. Burrowing down into even smaller jurisdictions with shallower funding pools but outsized aspirations, the Berkeley Unified School District also is examining how much its Black students should receive as reparations.

The straightforward fact is these reparation efforts unavoidably include fantastical and unobtainable fiscal payments. Travelling further down the reparations road will be a perilous passage for Dems, especially progressive ones. They are headed into a very tight political and economic corner of their own making. For 3 reasons the Dems should be dissuaded from backing direct reparation payments.

First, no jurisdiction – be it a school district, city, county or state – has the financial ability to pay what task forces and committees are recommending for direct reparations. There aren’t even any large-enough slush funds available. Such reparation amounts would literally break their budgets. For reparations proponents, fiscal infeasibility is irrelevant; I don't agree. As mentioned below, reparations are well-liked with many Black Americans, but not with Whites. Despite this narrow popularity and an understandable moral foundation, requested reparations will be unfeasible to provide.

Perhaps the task forces and committees are adopting a first shoot for the stars bargaining strategy. They already know their requests are way beyond budget realities. The mayor, school board, county council or governor might first offer a compromise by providing a formal apology to Black constituents for these indisputably bad policies from the past. Then add a “symbolic payment” over a multi-year period of say one-tenth of the task force’s implausibly requested reparations amount. Will the task force accept such a two-part offer? As this is happening opponents of any compromise will have a field day publicly lambasting it, even if privately these opponents don’t disagree with the offer.

Second, direct reparations are unpopular. Simply put, the majority of Americans do not support reparations payments. Unsurprisingly, views of reparations vary widely by race and ethnicity. Two-thirds of surveyed White adults say descendants of slaves should not be given reparations. In stark contrast, about three-quarters of Black adults assert descendants of enslaved people should be paid reparations. In California, only 43% of surveyed adults said they support having the California Reparations Task Force seek reparations from the state.

Third, pro-reparations Dem politicians should remember the tale of California Prop 187, the 1994 “Save Our State” initiative. It’s now hard to believe, but in the dark past Repubs once enjoyed more power in the state’s political firmament. One of the several reasons they slipped was Prop 187.

Voters passed Prop 187 that would have established a state-run screening system to prohibit illegal immigrants – mostly crossing from Mexico into the state – from using non-emergency health care, public education, and other services in California. Outraged opponents promptly filed lawsuits challenging the new law. Four years later, after many anti-187 demonstrations and legal hearings, a Federal Court judged this proposition in to be unconstitutional. It was never put into action and became one of several contributing factors that eventually displaced Repubs as a force in California state politics.

If the California Legislature mistakenly passes a bill that institutionalizes paying the requested reparations directly to resident Black ancestors of slaves and Gov. Newsom signs it, they’ll bust the state’s piggy bank, which is already facing a $32B deficit; oh well, what’s $800B more. In addition, I bet the Dems’ reparations acceptance will create much political flack for themselves and perhaps allow the now-immobilized Repubs to “ride to the rescue” in denouncing this effort, perhaps even returning to some political power in California this fall. If Dems don’t agree to pay, they’ll confront many offended Black citizens.

Furthermore, if the legislature and governor sign-off on paying any amount of cash reparations for qualified Black Californians, there is no doubt that Hispanic and Indigenous/Native American Californians will rise to the occasion and demand their own reparations for systemic disparities they have faced. Currently, Blacks represent 6.4% of Californians; Hispanics represent 40%; Indigenous people represent 2.1%.

How California’s Dems in the legislature and governor’s office deal with the Task Force’s final report in 2 weeks will obviously be closely watched near and far. Expect them initially to say they need more time to study the requests in detail, even though they’ll know exactly what the task force is proposing.

Perhaps this study break will allow negotiations with the task force and other prominent members of the state’s Black community to discuss the worthiness of providing indirect benefits like reducing educational and/or health expenses rather than the fiscal impossibility of paying what’s been requested.

The Dems’ ultimate political decisions will reveal who they believe should be winners and losers in this zero-sum reparations arena. They would be wise to also remember Tuesday, Nov. 5th in each of their discussions. These Dem politicians will finally realize it was relatively facile and inexpensive to support studying reparations. However, on July 1st the tab will now be owed that everyone may have to pay for in more than just dollars.

 

 

IS THE SUN SETTING ON CALIFORNIA’S SOLAR ROOFTOPS?

Truth is like the sun. You can shut it out for a time, but it ain’t going away. ~ Elvis Presley 

California has long been the sunniest place in America. Californians have installed solar photovoltaic (PV) panels on 1.3 million of their homes, the largest number of rooftop installations of any state. Hawaii is also sunny, duh; its solar installations are numero uno on a per capita basis. But the Aloha State’s total solar installations represent just 7.4% of California’s.

The Golden State’s solar rooftop expansion began in 2006, when then-Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger signed into law the million solar roof’s initiative. It has been impressively-successful in reducing the state’s production of fossil-fueled greenhouse gases (GHG). But the sun may be dimming soon for solar roofs, just like this picture shows.  

A setting sun for California’s solar rooftops?

In addition to being sunny, California is also one of the most committed states in rectifying economic inequity. One of the latest efforts involves municipalities branching out to plant more trees in “underprivileged” and “low-resource” areas to mitigate inequitable, “racist housing policies.”

Colossal Los Angeles and much-smaller Richmond are but two California cities that have initiated vigorous tree-planting programs that will eventually spread natural shade and coolness across more urban neighborhoods. These are great, greening efforts that will take a long time to produce significant shade.

But there’s no stopping in California with just saplings to alleviate inequity. Nope, in the name of inequity relief, the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) soon may significantly cloud the state’s bright efforts that reduce nasty environmental emissions via residential rooftop solar arrays.

How could this be? If it happens, you can thank short-sighted equityists within the CPUC staff and maybe the Commission itself, as well as the state’s private utilities. The utilities have always been dismayed about rooftop solar electricity generation they don’t own and earn no money from.

These solar critics are short-sighted because they see solar’s current NEM (net energy metering) protocols only from the cost side (what customers pay), allegedly harming low-income non-solar rate-payers. The critics entirely dismiss the actual substantial benefits that solar provides communities.

The CPUC will soon decide whether to diminish significantly the incentives for homeowners to install solar. Why? Because the CPUC staff as well as privately-owned electric utilities believe non-solar, low-income electricity customers pay disproportionately more under current California rules than owners of rooftop solar systems. That’s not equitable and thus must go.

I am not a disinterested party to these considerations. We installed solar PV (and thermal) panels on our roof 12 years ago. It’s a modest 2.8kW array (there’s no need for AC cooling here in fog city) that now has probably just paid for our initial investment due to California’s time-of-use NEM mechanism that reduced our electricity bills.

I am very interested in having the PUC recognize that solar NEM’s benefits transcend direct dollars and cents advantages. A principal benefit of solar generation is reduction in GHG emissions that aids everyone, no matter what their income and whether or not they’re a solar customer.

Does the PUC wish now to create disincentives in the name of equality for solar’s continued ascendency? If the CPUC accedes to the utilities’ cynical support of “solar equity,” it will require increased use of natural-gas powered generation. Dirtier kWh will be produced to the benefit of the utilities, with subsequent harm to all.

California’s solar industry is the nation’s largest. It directly provides about 65,000 jobs and produces more energy than nuclear and coal combined in the state.[1] Last year solar rooftops delivered 9% of California’s total electric production, the largest of any renewable resource.

Governor Gavin Newsom has embraced both a renewable energy goal of procuring 50% of retail sales from renewables by 2030 (it’s 33% now), and of reaching 100% renewable energy production by 2045. These goals depend on continued growth in solar rooftop energy production. Neither objective will be achieved if the PUC reduces solar incentives.

The governor’s July 2021 report, California’s Electricity System of the Future states, “solar and wind build rates need to nearly triple” in order to achieve his 2045 100% renewable energy production goal. Solar will never triple production if the CPUC changes its solar NEM rates, as planned.

The CPUC’s proposed plan will shred by over 75% how much residents would get paid for electricity generated from their rooftop panels. In addition, it proposes sharp increases, about $60/month, in grid-access charges for a typical solar customer.

In effect, the plan virtually eliminates the monetary incentives that have continued to support more homeowners’ investing in solar. These investments often require paying thousands of dollars up front to install rooftop PV panels.

So far, Gov. Newsom has shirked his duty to strongly and publicly support continued solar incentives like NEM.

Perhaps he’s scared of upsetting the utilities and the IBEW, the principal electric utility union who’s prominently in favor of reducing rooftop solar incentives. The union wants to cash in on lucrative PV panel installation jobs by the utilities that they don’t enjoy now. Maybe the governor also doesn’t really believe in the environmental goals he’s previously stated were vital.

Do Gov. Newsom and the CPUC want to re-monopolize California’s largest utilities at the expense of environmental degradation to gain a sliver more equality? So far, it seems so.

I recommend he have at least one private conversation with CPUC decision-makers encouraging them to relieve some underprivileged customers’ issues without darkening solar’s clear environmental benefits. The benefits he’s counting on to meet his popular environmental goals. Maybe the CPUC could extend these customers’ baseline (low-cost) consumption block to provide relief, or at the very least, adopt a far less extreme reduction in rooftop installations’ incentives.

The Commission might welcome such informal communication because it’s not batting at full strength now. The new CPUC President has been in her job for only 20 workdays and one of the five Commissioner chairs remains vacant.

In any event, the sun must continue to shine on California’s ever-growing solar rooftops for all our sakes.

 

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[1] Speaking of impending environmental challenges, California’s last operating nuclear power station, PG&E’s Diablo Canyon, will begin to shut down late next year. Nuclear, including Diablo Canyon, has many faults and it produces no GHGs.